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Authors
McMahon, William C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-5423
Kwatra, Gaurav https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2032-1975
Izu, Alane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-7223
Serafin, Natali
Laher, Farzanah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5527-459X
Shalekoff, Sharon
Tiemessen, Caroline T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-1690
Madhi, Shabir A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7629-0636
Nunes, Marta C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3788-878X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (22/82)
National Research Foundation (PMDS2205067384)
National Research Foundation (84177)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-016202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-016202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-016202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-016202)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-016202)
South African Medical Research Council (SHIP NCD 96756)
South African Medical Research Council (SHIP NCD 96756)
South African Medical Research Council (SHIP NCD 96756)
South African Medical Research Council (SHIP NCD 96756)
South African Medical Research Council (SHIP NCD 96756)
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Article History
Received: 11 September 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2026
First Online: 21 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: Authors S.A.M., M.C.N. and G.K. report receiving grant support, paid to their institution, from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. No competing interests were declared for the remaining authors.
Ethical approval: This is a sub-study of a parent study, entitled “Sentinel, hospital-based surveillance for the investigation of SARS-Coronavirus-2 and other respiratory pathogens” which was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The parent study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Witwatersrand (Reference number: 200313), as well as this sub-study (Reference number: M220285).
