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Article History

Received: 24 June 2026

Accepted: 17 September 2026

First Online: 21 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval statement: This study used a commercially available anatomical spine dataset purchased from Zygote Media Group, Inc. No patient-specific imaging data, identifiable human data, or newly recruited human participants were involved. Therefore, institutional ethical approval was not required.

Ethical accordance statement: This computational finite element study was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical principles for biomechanical research. The study did not involve direct research on human subjects or the use of identifiable human data.

Informed consent statement: Not applicable. No human participants were recruited, and no identifiable human data were used in this study.