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Authors
Huang, Hsin-Chung
Pan, Mei-Hung
Yen, Ting-An
Chou, Hung-Chieh
Chen, Chien-Yi
Chen, Mei-Huei
Yang, Hwai-I https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-942X
Tsao, Po-Nien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6114-1769
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Tsou, Kuo-Inn
Mu, Shu-Chi
Hsu, Chyong-Hsin
Lien, Reyin
Lin, Hung-Chih
Hsiao, Chien-Chou
Huang, Chao-Ching
Chen, Chih-Cheng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health Research Institutes (Grant PH-114-GP-04 & PH-115-GP-01)
National Science and Technology Council (Grant NSTC 113-2321-B-002-020)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2026
Accepted: 17 September 2026
First Online: 7 October 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.
Ethics approval: This study utilized data from the Taiwan Premature Infant Follow-up Network (TPFN) database and was approved by the institutional review board of National Taiwan University Hospital (202006047RIND). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or designated relatives of the infants enrolled in the TPFN database. The TPFN database was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Taiwan University Hospital and the Joint Institutional Review Boards of Taipei City Hospital, Cathay General Hospital, Younghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tri-Service General Hospital, Mackay Memorial Hospital, China Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Changhua Christian Hospital, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Chi Mei Hospital, Sin-Lau Hospital, Kuo General Hospital, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital.
