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Authors
Wang, Gan-min https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6671-798X
Zhang, Hao
Ren, Shan-shan
Chen, Li
Wang, Lin
Ye, Lun-hui
Wang, Yao https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3809-1921
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2025 Social Livelihood and Decision-making Consulting Scientific Research Projects of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing (2025-03-023-Y)
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Article History
Received: 10 July 2026
Accepted: 22 September 2026
First Online: 24 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used de-identified public-use data from CHARLS, HRS, and ELSA. The original cohort data collections received the ethical approvals described in the Methods, and participants provided informed consent in accordance with the respective study procedures. No formal institutional exemption or ethics determination was obtained for this secondary analysis. The regulatory basis for not seeking additional ethics review is Article 32(1) of the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (Guo Wei Ke Jiao Fa [2023] No. 4), as explained in the Methods.
