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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2025J01500)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2025J01495)
Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology of Fujian Province (2025Y9002)
Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology of Fujian Province (2024Y9005)
Youth Top Talent Project of Fujian Provincial Foal Eagle Program,
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Article History
Received: 28 June 2026
Accepted: 24 September 2026
First Online: 27 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This research made use of data derived from the open-access critical care databases. The MIMIC-IV version 3.1 database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Protocol No. 0403000206) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, with informed consent waived as the data are fully de-identified and retrospectively collected. As all datasets contain anonymized patient information, no additional ethics approval was required for the study.
