Xu, Gaopeng
Chang, Ping
Danabasoglu, Gokhan
Castruccio, Frederic S.
Yeager, Stephen
Zhang, Qiuying
Kurian, Jaison
Small, Justin
Bates, Susan
Shepard, Christine C.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
Gulf Research Program (2000013283)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
National Science Foundation (Cooperative Agreement 1852977)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
National Science Foundation (AGS-2231237)
Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.