Cao, Juan
Kong, Shaofei
Dong, Haoyu
Hu, Yao
Xiang, Xuan
Jiang, Weisi
Yan, Yingying
Wu, Jian
Deng, Junjun
Fu, Pingqing
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hubei Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2022CFA040)
the Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2023YFC3709802; 2024YFC3713602)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077202; 42575130)
Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. Author P.Q.F. is an Associate Editor of npj-Climate and Atmospheric Science but was not involved in the peer review or decision-making for this manuscript.