Li, Jiangyu
Feng, Xiangbo
Zhang, Shaoqing
Toumi, Ralf
Xu, Jing
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Basic Research Fund of CAMS (2024Y019)
the Met Office Weather and Climate Science for Service Partnership (WCSSP) Southeast Asia projects under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF), the UK NERC Large Grant project (NE/W009587/1)
the Met Office Weather and Climate Science for Service Partnership (WCSSP) Southeast Asia projects under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF), the UK NERC Large Grant project (NE/W009587/1)
the Science and Technology Innovation Projects of Laoshan Laboratory (LSKJ202302400-03, LSKJ202202200-04)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42361164616)
the Shandong Province's “Taishan” Scientist Program (ts201712017)
the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC3004200)
the Qingdao High-level R&D Project (25-8-2-yfjg-7-hy)
Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 16 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.