Xiao, Ruotong
Wu, Liang
Gong, Zhiqiang
Wen, Zhiping
Feng, Tao
Cao, Xi
Chen, Shangfeng
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42175050, 42430611 and 42275050)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42175050, 42430611)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42275050)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42575186, 42530605)
Key Laboratory of Polar Atmosphere-ocean-ice System for Weather and Climate, Ministry of Education (FDAOS-OP202313)
Key Laboratory of Polar Atmosphere-ocean-ice System for Weather and Climate, Ministry of Education (FDAOS-OP202313)
Youth Innovation Promotion Association (CAS Y2021030)
Article History
Received: 27 October 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.