Kong, Xiangxu
Mao, Jiafu
Chen, Haishan
Zeng, Zhenzhong
Hao, Yuefeng
Wang, Yaoping
Zhang, Yao
Chen, Anping
Jin, Mingzhou
Shi, Xiaoying
Hoffman, Forrest M.
Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 25 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: Author A.C. is an associate editor of the npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. A.C. was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US Department of Energy (DOE). The US government retains, and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the US government retains, a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan. The other authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.