Fu, Ziteng
Wang, Luyang
Jiang, Guanli
Men, Xinyu
Du, Wenyan
Yang, Yuzhong
Gao, Siru
Zhang, Zhongqiong
Wu, Qingbai
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (E531890148)
Programs of the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering (E5550605)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42401169)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42371141)
CAS “Light of West China” program (Zhongqiong Zhang)
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (42230512)
Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 8 March 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.