Lu, Yutong
Marsham, John H.
Parker, Douglas J.
Fang, Juan
Gu, Sinan
Tang, Jianping
Chen, Deliang
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/W001888/1)
Natural Environment Research Council (NE/W001888/1)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2242204)
the Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LZJMZ23D050004)
Carbon Neutrality and Energy System Transformation (CNEST) Program and Tsinghua University (100008001)
Article History
Received: 20 January 2026
Accepted: 13 May 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Competing interests
: Author D.C. is an Editorial Board Member of npj CAS. D.C. was not invited in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.