Lu, Peng
Huo, Puzhen
Leppäranta, Matti
Cheng, Bin
Kirillin, Georgiy
Yu, Miao
Li, Xuewei
Wang, Qingkai
Li, Zhijun
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (U24A20582)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42406244)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42576269)
Article History
Received: 27 January 2026
Accepted: 1 June 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Competing interests
: Bin Cheng is an Associate Editor of npj Climate and Atmospheric Science and was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests.