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Article History

Received: 22 November 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Competing interests

: C.S. acknowledges grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Roche-Ventana, Invitae (previously Archer Dx Inc - collaboration in minimal residual disease sequencing technologies), Ono Pharmaceutical, and Personalis. He is Chief Investigator for the AZ MeRmaiD 1 and 2 clinical trials and is the Steering Committee Chair. He is also Co-Chief Investigator of the NHS Galleri trial funded by GRAIL and a paid member of GRAIL’s Scientific Advisory Board. He receives consultant fees from Achilles (also SAB member), Bicycle Therapeutics (SAB member, and Chair of Clinical Advisory Group), Genentech, Medicxi, China Innovation Centre of Roche (CICoR) formerly Roche Innovation Centre – Shanghai, Metabomed- (until July 2022), Relay Therapeutics (SAB member), Saga Diagnostics (SAB member), and the Sarah Cannon Research Institute. C.S has received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Illumina, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche-Ventana. C.S. has previously held stock/options in GRAIL, and currently has stock/options Bicycle Therapeutics, Relay Therapeutics, and has stock and is co-founder of Achilles Therapeutics.C.S declares a patent application for methods to lung cancer (PCT/US2017/028013); targeting neoantigens (PCT/EP2016/059401); identifying patent response to immune checkpoint blockade (PCT/EP2016/071471); methods for lung cancer detection (US20190106751A1); identifying patients who respond to cancer treatment (PCT/GB2018/051912); determining HLA LOH (PCT/GB2018/052004); predicting survival rates of patients with cancer (PCT/GB2020/050221), methods and systems for tumour monitoring (PCT/EP2022/077987), Analysis of HLA alleles transcriptional deregulation (PCT/EP2023/059039). C.S. is an inventor on a European patent application (PCT/GB2017/053289) relating to assay technology to detect tumour recurrence. This patent has been licensed to a commercial entity and under their terms of employment C.S is due a revenue share of any revenue generated from such license(s).

: The study has an ethical approval 13/SC/0574 (NRES Committee South Central - Hampshire A) sponsored by Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust (study number RJ114/N093) and also registered at Great Ormond Street Hospital (study number 18BB02). Each parent or guardian of a child provided signed, written informed consent for participation in this research study.