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Article History

Received: 22 December 2024

Accepted: 11 July 2025

First Online: 29 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All human tissue samples and clinical data used in this study were obtained from the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. All animal experiments were conducted in strict accordance with the relevant national and institutional guidelines and regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University.