Wiest, Isabella Catharina
Wolf, Fabian
Leßmann, Marie-Elisabeth
van Treeck, Marko
Ferber, Dyke
Zhu, Jiefu
Boehme, Heiko
Bressem, Keno K.
Ulrich, Hannes
Ebert, Matthias P.
Kather, Jakob Nikolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-5348
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Union’s Horizon Europe and innovation programme (101079894)
German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space BMFTR (01EO2101)
Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 17 September 2025
Competing interests
: J.N.K. declares consulting services for Panakeia, UK; AstraZeneca, UK; Scailyte, Switzerland; and MultiplexDx, Slovakia. Furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany, and Synagen GmbH, Germany; has received a research grant by GSK, and has received honoraria by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Janssen, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. I.C.W. has received honoraria by AstraZeneca. No further potential COIs are disclosed by any of the authors. K.K.B. has received honoraria by Canon Medical Systems Corporations and GE Healthcare. J.N.K. is Deputy Editor at npj Precision Oncology but was not involved in the handling of the manuscript or the decisions. No other conflicts of interest are declared by any of the authors.