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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Competing interests

: Maria Navarro is currently an employee of Ability Pharmaceuticals, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. She contributed to this work while she was a member of the Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics Laboratory at the IGTP. Cinta Hierro received honoraria (as invited speaker or consultant) from Lilly, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca, Astellas and JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, and has received research funding via the Institution from Merck. She has participated as principal investigator in clinical trials (unrelated to this work) from BMS, MSD, ALX Oncology, JAZZ Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Abbie, Relay Therapeutics and Medicenna Therapeutics. She has also received travel fees from BMS, MSD, Roche, Amgen, AstraZeneca and Merck. Nuria Mulet has served in an Advisory Role for Amgen and has received travel grants from Merck and MSD. None of the listed companies or funding agencies was involved in the study design, data acquisition, analysis, interpretation of results, or manuscript preparation. The authors declare that this research was conducted independently and without any commercial, intellectual, or financial relationships with any commercial entity.

: The study does not involve human donors or animal models.

: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.