Mathes, Sonja
Ferber, Dyke
Dreyer, Tobias
Borm, Kai J.
Modersohn, Luise
Willem, Theresa
Dirven, Richard
Vibert, Julien
Kreutzfeldt, Simon
Perez-Lopez, Raquel
Prelaj, Arsela
Strand, Fredrik
Baird, Richard D.
Boeker, Martin
Kather, Jakob Nikolas
Tschochohei, Maximilian
Lammert, Jacqueline
Article History
Received: 21 June 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: SM has received speaker honoraria and travel reimbursements from ALK-Abelló (Copenhagen, Denmark). DF has received an OpenAI research grant and holds shares and is an employee at Synagen GmbH, Germany. TD has no COI. KJB declares speaker honoraria from Accuray Inc. (Sunnyvale, California, United States), travel reimbursement from Zeiss group (Oberkochen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany), and consulting services for NEED Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90405, United States. LM has no COI. TW has no COI. FS has received speaker fees from Pfizer, Sweden, and speaker fees from Lunit, South Korea, and is a shareholder of ClearScanAI AB, Sweden; MB declares no COI. A.P. has a consulting/advisory role for BMS, AstraZeneca, Novartis, MSD, Lilly, Amgen, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson; travel, accommodations, or other expenses paid or reimbursed by Roche and Johnson & Johnson; and serves as the principal investigator for Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Bayer, MSD, and Lilly outside the submitted work. RDB acknowledges support from Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, and Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014). RDB declares: consulting services/honoraria (to institution) from AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Molecular Partners, Novartis, Shionogi; and research grants from AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Genentech/Roche. JNK declares consulting services for Bioptimus, France; Owkin, France; DoMore Diagnostics, Norway; Panakeia, UK; AstraZeneca, UK; Scailyte, Switzerland; Mindpeak, Germany; and MultiplexDx, Slovakia. Furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany, Synagen GmbH, Germany, and has received a research grant from GSK, and has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Janssen, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer, and Fresenius. MT has no COI. JL received speaker honoraria from the Forum for Continuing Medical Education (Germany), AstraZeneca (Germany), and Novartis (Germany).