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Article History

Received: 9 September 2025

Accepted: 23 December 2025

First Online: 13 January 2026

Competing interests

: Dr. Lim has received speaker’s bureau honoraria from Yuhan and Boryung Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Champiat has received honoraria for speaking engagements from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Genmab, Janssen, Merck KGaA, MSD, Novartis, Roche, and Servier. He has served as principal investigator of clinical trials sponsored by Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bolt Biotherapeutics, Centessa Pharmaceuticals, Cytovation, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Imcheck Therapeutics, Immunocore, Marengo, Molecular Partners Ag, MSD, OncoC4, Ose Immunotherapeutics, Owkin, Pheast, Pierre Fabre, Replimune, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Seagen, Sotio A.S, and Transgene. He has served in an advisory or consulting role for AccessTrial, Alderaan Biotechnology, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Aummune, Avacta, Bayer, Beigene, BioNTech, Celanese, Compugen, Domain Therapeutics, Ellipses Pharma, Genmab, Immunicom, Inc., Mariana Oncology, Mima Health, Nanobiotix, Nextcure, NetCancer, Oncovita, Pharma Mar, Pierre Fabre, Replimune, Seagen, Takeda, Tatum Bioscience, Tollys, and UltraHuman8. He has received travel and accommodations from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, Ose Immunotherapeutics, Roche, and Sotio. He holds stock ownership in Avacta. Dr. Dumbrava reports research or grant funding from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Immunocore Ltd., Amgen, Aileron Therapeutics, Compugen Ltd., Gilead, Immunomedics, BOLT Therapeutics, Aprea Therapeutics, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals, PMV Pharma, Triumvira Immunologics, Seagen Inc., Mereo BioPharma 5 Inc., Sanofi, Rain Oncology, Astex Therapeutics, Sotio Biotech, Poseida, Mersana Therapeutics, Genentech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dragonfly Therapeutics, A2A Pharma, Volastra, AstraZeneca, Modex Therapeutics, Fate Therapeutics, Pfizer, and Jacobio. She serves on advisory boards for BOLT Therapeutics, Mersana Therapeutics, Orum Therapeutics, Summit Therapeutics, PMV Pharma, and Fate Therapeutics, and has received speaker honoraria from PMV Pharma and Boehringer Ingelheim. She received travel support and accommodations from ASCO, AACR, LFSA Association, Rain Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Triumvira Immunologics, KSMO, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Le has received consulting and advisory fees from Eli Lilly, EMD Serono (Merck KGaA), AstraZeneca, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Regeneron, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hengrui Therapeutics, Bayer, Teligene, Taiho, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen, Blueprint Medicines, Sensei Biotherapeutics, SystImmune, ArriVent, Abion, BlossomHill, and AbbVie. She has also received research funding to her institution from Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, ArriVent, Dizal, Teligene, Regeneron, Janssen, Thermo Fisher, Takeda, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Naing has received research funding from NCI, EMD Serono, MedImmune, Healios Onc. Nutrition, Atterocor/Millendo, Amplimmune, ARMO BioSciences, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Incyte, Novartis, Regeneron, Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, CytomX Therapeutics, Neon Therapeutics, Calithera Biosciences, TopAlliance Biosciences, Eli Lilly, Kymab, PsiOxus, Arcus Biosciences, NeoImmuneTech, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Surface Oncology, Monopteros Therapeutics, BioNTech SE, Seven & Eight Biopharma, SOTIO Biotech AG, and GV20 Therapeutics. He has served on advisory boards or received consulting fees from CTI, Deka Biosciences, Janssen Biotech, Mural Oncology, NGM Bio, PsiOxus Therapeutics, Immune-Onc Therapeutics, STCube Pharmaceuticals, OncoSec KEYNOTE-695, Genome & Company, CytomX Therapeutics, Nouscom, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp, Servier, Lynx Health, AbbVie, and Merck. He has also received travel and accommodation support from ARMO BioSciences, NeoImmuneTech, and NGM Biopharmaceuticals, and has received honoraria for speaking engagements from AKH Inc., The Lynx Group, Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), Korean Society of Medical Oncology (KSMO), Scripps Cancer Care Symposium, ASCO Direct Oncology Highlights, European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and CME Outfitters. Dr. Piha-Paul receives clinical trial research support and grant funding through the institution from ABM Therapeutics, Inc., Alkermes, Aminex Therapeutics, Axcynsis Therapeutics Pte. Ltd., BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Sankyo, ENB Therapeutics, Epigenetix Inc., Genmab US, Inc., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Hengrui Pharmaceuticals, Co., Ltd., Immunity Bio, Inc., Immunome, Inc., Immunomedics, Inc., Incyte Corp., Innovent Biologics Co., Ltd., iTeos Belgium SA, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson & Johnson, Loxo Oncology, Inc., Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America (MTPA) Inc., Nectin Therapeutics, Ltd., Nested Therapeutics, Inc., NRG Oncology, Nurix, OncoNano Medicine, Inc., Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pfizer, Phanes Therapeutics, Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Purinomia Biotech, Inc., Replimune, Roche/Blueprint, Solve Therapeutics, Strand Therapeutics, Inc., Tallac Therapeutics, Inc., Theradex Oncology, Toragen Therapeutics, Inc., TransThera Bio, ViroMissile, Inc., Xencor, Inc., NCI/NIH: P30CA016672 – Core Grant (CCSG Shared Resources), CPRIT Grant: Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Precision Oncology Decision Support Core (RP150535), and Clinical and Translational Science Award Grant (CTSA): 1UM1TR0045906. Dr. Piha-Paul has also served as a consultant for Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America (MTPA) Inc. Dr Rodon reports non financial support and reasonable reimbursement for travel from European Society for Medical Oncology, American Society of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, 280-Biotech, Dava Oncology, STOP Cancer; receiving consulting and travel fees from Ellipses Pharma, IONCTURA, Sardona, Mekanistic, Amgen, Merus, MonteRosa, Aadi, and Bridgebio (including serving on the scientific advisory board); Consulting fees from Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Boxer Capital, LLC, Tang Advisors, LLC, Guidepoint, and Axiom; receiving research funding from Blueprint Medicines, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Hummingbird, AstraZenneca, 280 Bio, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology/Cancer Core Europe; and serving as investigator in clinical trials with Cancer Core Europe, Symphogen, BioAlta, Pfizer, Kelun-Biotech, GlaxoSmithKline, Taiho, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Hummingbird, Yingli, Bicycle Therapeutics, Merus, AadiBioscience, ForeBio, Loxo Oncology, Hutchinson MediPharma, Ideaya, Amgen, Tango Therapeutics, Mirati, Linnaeus Therapeutics, MonteRosa, Kinnate, Yingli, Debio, BioTheryX, Storm Therapeutics, Beigene, MapKure, Relay, Novartis, FusionPharma, C4 Therapeutics, Scorpion Therapeutics, Incyte, Fog Pharmaceuticals, Tyra, Nuvectis Pharma, Hotspot Pharma, Adcentrix, Vividion, AstraZenneca, Alnylam, Immuneering Corp, Alterome, Exelixis. Dr. Tsimberidou has received research funding from Immatics (Inst), OBI Pharma (Inst), Tempus (Inst), Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (Inst), Agenus (Inst), Novocure (Inst), Tvardi Therapeutics (Inst), Orionis (Inst), Tachyon (Inst), Vividion Therapeutics (Inst), AbbVie (Inst), Macrogenics (Inst), and Anaveon (Inst). She has served in a consulting or advisory role for Nex-I, BrYet, and OBI Pharma. Dr. Yap is an employee of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, where he serves as Vice President and Head of Clinical Development in the Therapeutics Discovery Division, which has a commercial interest in drug discovery and development. He has served as a consultant for AbbVie, Acrivon, Adagene, Aeneid Therapeutics, Almac, Alterome Therapeutics Inc., Aduro, Amgen Inc., Amphista, Artios, Astex, AstraZeneca, Atavistik, Athena, Atrin, Avenzo, Avoro, Axiom, Baptist Health Systems, Bayer, Beigene, Bicycle, BioCity Pharma, Bloom Burton, Blueprint, Bluestar Bio, Boxer, BridGene Biosciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, C4 Therapeutics, Calithera, Cancer Research Horizons, Cancer Research UK, Carrick Therapeutics, Circle Pharma, Clasp, Clovis, Cybrexa, Daiichi Sankyo, DAiNA, Dark Blue Therapeutics, Dawn Manco, Debiopharm, Diffusion, Duke Street Bio, 858 Therapeutics, EcoR1 Capital, Eikon, Ellipses Pharma, EMD Serono, Entos, Flagship Pioneering, Forbion, FoRx Therapeutics AG, F-Star, Genesis Therapeutics, Genmab, Glenmark, GLG, Globe Life Sciences, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, GSK, Guardant, Guidepoint, Ideaya Biosciences, Idience, Ignyta, I-Mab, ImmuneSensor, Impact Therapeutics, Institut Gustave Roussy, Intellisphere, Jansen, Jazz Pharma, Joint Scientific Committee for Phase I Trials in Hong Kong, Kyn, Kyowa Kirin, Lumanity, MEI pharma, Mereo, Merck, Merit, Monte Rosa Therapeutics, Natera, Nested Therapeutics, Nexus Pharmaceuticals, Nimbus, Novocure, Odyssey Therapeutics, OHSU, OncoSec, Ono Pharma, Onxeo, Pfizer, Piper-Sandler, Pliant Therapeutics, Plexium Inc., Prelude Therapeutics, Prolynx, Protai Bio, PSIM, Radiopharma Theranostics, Repare, resTORbio, Roche, Ryvu Therapeutics, SAKK, Sanofi, Schrodinger, Servier, Stablix, Synnovation, Synthis Therapeutics, Tango, TCG Crossover, TD2, Techspert.io, Terremoto Biosciences, Tessellate Bio, Theragnostics, Terns Pharmaceuticals, Thryv Therapeutics, Tolremo, Tome Biosciences, Trevarx Biomedical, Varian, Veeva, Versant, Vibliome Therapeutics, Vivace, Voronoi Inc, Xinthera, and Zai Labs. He has received grant/research support from 858 Therapeutics, Accent, Aprea Therapeutics, Artios, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, BioNTech, Blueprint, BMS, Boundless Bio, BridGene BioScience, circle Pharma, Clovis, Constellation, CPRIT, Cyteir, Department of Defense, Eisbach Bio, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Exelixis, Forbius, F-Star, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Golfers against Cancer, Haihe, Ideaya, ImmuneSensor, Insilico Medicine, Ionis, Ipsen, Jounce, Karyopharm, KSQ, Kyowa, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Mirati, Novartis, NIH/NCI, Pfizer, Pliant, Prelude, Ribon Therapeutics, Regeneron, Repare, Roche, Rubius, Sanofi, Scholar Rock, Seattle Genetics, SpringWorks, Synnovation, Tango, Tesaro, V Foundation, Vivace, Zenith and Zentalis. Dr. Fu receives clinical trial research support and grant funding through the institution from NIH/NCI P30CA016672—Core Grant (CCSG Shared Resources), Abbisko, Antengene, BeiGene, BeyongSpring Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LLC., Biotheus Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim, Coherent Biopharma, LLC, Crossignal Therapeutics, Inc., CUE Biopharma, Inc., DEKA Biosciences, Eli Lilly & Co., Exelixis, Fore Biotherapeutics, Greenfire Bio, Inc., Hookipa Biotech, IMV, Inc., Innovent Biologics, Co., Ltd., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, K-Group Beta, Lantern Pharma Inc., Lyvgen Biopharm, Co., Ltd., MacroGenics, MediLink Therapeutics, Co. Ltd., Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nerviano Medical Sciences, NeuPharma, Inc., NextCure, Inc., Ningbo NewBay Technology Development Co., Ltd., Novartis, NovoCure, Nykode Therapeutics AS., Parexel International, LLC, PharmaMar USA, Inc., Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Inc., PureTech Health, LLC, Qurgen, Inc., Shanghai Huaota Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sellas Life Sciences Group, Soricimed Biopharma, Inc., SQZ Biotechnologies, Sumitomo Dainippon, Taiho Oncology and NCCN, Tigermed Group, LLC, TransCode Therapeutics, Inc., Treadwell Therapeutics, Turnstone Biologics, Tyligand Bioscience, Ltd., Virogin Biotech, Ltd., CPRIT Grant: Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Precision Oncology Decision Support Core (RP150535), and the Clinical and Translational Science Award Grant (CTSA) 1UM1TR0045906. Dr. Funda Meric-Bernstam reports consulting for AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Becton Dickinson, Biocartis NV, Calibr (a division of Scripps Research), Daiichi Sankyo, Dava Oncology, Debiopharm, EcoR1 Capital, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Elevation Oncology, Exelixis, GT Aperion, Incyte, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, LegoChem Biosciences, LigaChem Biosciences, Menarini Group, Molecular Templates, Protai Bio, Ribometrix, SystImmune, Tallac Therapeutics, TEMPUS, Vir Biotechnology, and Zymeworks. She has served on advisory committees for Cybrexa Therapeutics, FogPharma, go Therapeutics, Guardant Health, Harbinger Health, Illumen Therapeutics, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Kivu Biosciences, LOXO-Oncology, Mersana Therapeutics, OnCusp Therapeutics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Seagen (formerly Seattle Genetics), Theratechnologies Inc., and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. She has received sponsored research funding to the institution from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd., Debiopharm International, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Guardant Health Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Zymeworks. She has received honoraria from Dava Oncology and Physician Education Resource (PER). She has also received travel-related support from the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, Dava Oncology, the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), and Physician Education Resource (PER).Dr. Hong receives research or grant funding through the institution from 280 Bio, AbbVie, Adaptimmune, Adlai-Nortye, Amgen, Astelles, Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, BeiGene USA, BioBridge, Biomea Fusion, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Deciphera, E.R. Squibb & Sons LLC, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Endeavor, Erasca, Exelixis Inc., F. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Genentech, Immunogenesis, Incyte Inc., Merck, Mirati, NCI-CTEP, Novartis, Pfizer, Quanta Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, STCube Pharmaceuticals, VM Oncology, and Yiling Pharmaceutical. He has received travel, accommodations, or expense support from the American Association of Cancer Research (AACR), American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Bayer, BeiGene USA Inc., Genmab, Medscape, Mirati Therapeutics Inc., Pfizer, Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC), and Telperian. He has served in a consulting, speaker, or advisory role for 280 Bio, Acuta Capital Partners LLC, Alpha Insights, Amgen, Bayer, Boxer Capital, Children’s Oncology Group, COR2ed, Cowen Group Inc, Crossbridge Bio, Ecor1 Capital, Erasca, Gerson Lehrman Group Inc., Group H, Guidepoint, Immunogenesis, Jansen Pharmaceuticals, Kestrel Therapeutics, Medacorp, Medscape, Orbi Capital, Pfizer, Revolution Medicines, T-Knife, Travistock Group, WebMD, and Yiling Pharmaceutical. Dr. Hong also has other ownership interests in Molecular Match (Advisor), OncoResponse (Founder, Advisor), Telperian (Founder, Advisor), and CrossBridge Bio (Advisor).