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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 24 December 2025

First Online: 20 January 2026

Competing interests

: C.R. reports personal fees for advisory board membership from: Novocure; institutional fees for advisory board membership from AstraZeneca, Abbvie, Imagene, MedStar, Amgem, Boeringer-Ingelheim, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Janssen Pharmaceutical, NeoGenomics, Pfizer, Inc., Regeneron, Roche, IDEOlogy, Medical Educators Consortium (MEC), Eli Lily, EXACT Sciences Corp, ThermoFisher, Foundation Medicine. Research collaboration non-remunerated: Guardant, Foundation One. Institutional fees as an invited speaker from COR2ED, HPM education, IDEOlogy, Merck, Roche, OneCell Dx, MJH Life Sciences, TACTICS, AIOM, FONICAP, MD Education, Precis CA, Suzhou Liangyihui Network Technology Co, Ltd., Emirates Oncology Conference. Podcasts: Health EOR, Total Health Conferencing. Non-renumerated leadership roles as a scientific board member for the European School of Oncology (ESO), Past Chair on the educational committee for the International Association for Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), President for the International Society of Liquid Biopsy (ISLB) and Educational Chair for the Oncology Latin American Association (OLA); a renumerated role as Editor in Chief for Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology (CROH); AIRC Board member. Non-renumerated role as ESMO Faculty Group/Speciality and Faculty Coordinator for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer for European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO); non-renumerated roles as Scientific Board Member at ESO (European School of Oncology), External advisor Board member of Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica (GENYO), External Advisor of the School of Public Health, University of Granada, Spain, and non-renumerated analysis of liquid biopsies in a lung cancer trial for Guardant Health. At the time of study was running C.R.’s affiliation was Center for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA. D.U. declares consulting services for Medison Pharma, Amgen GmBH, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and declares honoraria for Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Megapharm, BMS, Roche, Takeda, and J-C Healthcare. J.B. declared receiving research funding from Immunai, OncoHost, MSD, AstraZeneca, Roche, and AbbVie, consulting services for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, Janssen, MSD, Merck-Serono, Medison, Roche and Takeda, honoraria from BMS, Medison and Pfizer and holding roles in Committee IASLC and Lung Ambition Israel leadership. D.R.B received research support from Imagene, C.M. was reimbursed by Imagene AI for attending a conference. D.H. received payment to institution for lectures from AstraZeneca, MSD, Merck, Roche, Medison, BMS and Sanofi. J.Z. is a cofounder and a stockholder of Imagene, A.A., N.P.Y., A.D., I.G. are currently, or were formerly, employees of Imagene and have stock options. E.O., Y.B., J.W., R.I.H., F.D., Y.M., A.L., J.S.C., R.Y., and C.A. declare no conflict of interest.