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Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Competing interests

: EL disclosed the following financial relationships from the past two years: equipment for laboratory-based research 2018-present, Novocure, Ltd; honorarium for panel discussion organized by Antidote Education for a CME module on diagnostics and treatment of HER2+ gastric and colorectal cancers, funded by Daiichi-Sankyo, 2021 (honorarium donated to lab); compensation for scientific review of proposed printed content; Elsevier Publishing and Johns Hopkins Press; consultant, Nomocan Pharmaceuticals (no financial compensation); Institutional Principal Investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Celgene, Novocure, Intima Bioscience, Inc., the National Cancer Institute, and the University of Minnesota membership in the Caris Life Sciences Precision Oncology Alliance (no financial compensation). ESA has served as a paid consultant/advisor for Sanofi, Dendreon, Janssen Biotech, Merck, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, Lilly, Bayer, and has received honoraria from Sanofi, Dendreon, Janssen Biotech, Astellas Pharma, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Clovis Oncology; has received research funding from Janssen Biotech, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi, Dendreon, Genentech, Novartis, Astellas Pharma, Merck, AstraZeneca, Clovis Oncology, and Constellation Pharmaceuticals, a well as travel accommodations from Sanofi, and Dendreon; He is a co-inventor of a biomarker technology licensed to Qiagen. AS reports a leadership role with Autem therapeutics, Exelixis, KAHR medical and Bristol-Myers Squibb; consulting or advisory board role with AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Xilio therapeutics, Taiho, Amgen, Autem therapeutics, KAHR medical, and Daiichi Sankyo; institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Clovis, Exelixis, Actuate therapeutics, Incyte Corporation, Daiichi Sankyo, Five prime therapeutics, Amgen, Innovent biologics, Dragonfly therapeutics, Oxford Biotherapeutics, Arcus therapeutics, and KAHR medical; and participation as a data safety monitoring board chair for Arcus therapeutics. YB, CN, and JX are employees of Caris Life Sciences. The authors declare no other financial or non-financial interests.