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Authors
Prelaj, Arsela
Provenzano, Leonardo
Miskovic, Vanja
Ganzinelli, Monica
Mazzeo, Laura
Gemelli, Maria
Silvestri, Cecilia
Spagnoletti, Andrea
Romanò, Rebecca
Brambilla, Marta
Occhipinti, Mario
Beninato, Teresa
Ambrosini, Paolo
Sottotetti, Elisa
Favali, Margherita
Zec, Aleksandra
Ferrarin, Alberto
Corrao, Giulia
Prina, Marco Meazza
Ruggirello, Margherita
Marino, Moreno Bruno
Dumitrascu, Andra Diana
Di Mauro, Rosa Maria
Giani, Claudia
Cavalli, Chiara
Serino, Roberta
Catania, Chiara
Panzardi, Antonella
Metro, Giulio
Bennati, Chiara
Ferrara, Roberto
Macerelli, Marianna
Servetto, Alberto
Cona, Maria Silvia
La Verde, Nicla
Toschi, Luca
Baili, Paolo
Corso, Federica
Zito, Emanuela
Cinieri, Saverio
Berardi, Rossana
Scoazec, Giovanni
Inno, Alessandro
Gori, Stefania
Pisconti, Salvatore
Buzzacchino, Federica
Brighenti, Matteo
Biello, Federica
Tartarone, Alfredo
Pruneri, Giancarlo
Belfiore, Antonino
Agnelli, Luca
Guidi, Alessandro
Invernizzi, Luca
Salmistraro, Noemi
Filippi, Andrea Riccardo
Solli, Piergiorgio
Galli, Giulia
Lorenzini, Daniele
Pizzutilo, Elio Gregory
De Braud, Filippo
Pedrocchi, Alessandra
Trovò, Francesco
Genova, Carlo
Corte, Carminia Maria Della
Viscardi, Giuseppe
Garassino, Marina Chiara
Cortellini, Alessio
Mingo, Emanuele
Russano, Marco
Signorelli, Diego
Proto, Claudia
Vingiani, Andrea
Sangaletti, Sabina
Lo Russo, Giuseppe
,
Di Liberti, Giorgia
Agosta, Claudia
Farhikhteh, Ghazal
Miliziano, Daniela
Corbo, Giorgia
Guirges, Beshoy
Licciardello, Cristina
Antonuzzo, Lorenzo
Verderame, Francesco
Barletta, Giulia
Spinelli, Gianpaolo
Chiari, Rita
Emili, Rita
Bertolini, Federica
Salvatore, Grisanti
Vita, Emanuele
Bonalume, Chiara
Aieta, Michele
Lacriola, Luigi
Borraccino, Michele
Bareggi, Claudia
Citarella, Fabrizio
Apolone, Giovanni
Taverna, Silvia
Lugini, Antonio
Fattoi, Cesare
Marchianò, Alfonso
Leonetti, Alessandro
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Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Accepted: 17 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Competing interests
: A.P.: consulting/advisory role for BMS, AstraZeneca, Novartis, MSD, Lilly, Amgen, Pfizer, Jonsson & Jonsson; travel, accommodations, or other expenses paid or reimbursed by Roche and Jonsson & Jonsson; principal investigator of Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, BMS, Bayer, MSD, Lilly outside the submitted work. Guest Editor for the NPJ Precision Oncology journal special collection: “Artificial Intelligence Biomarkers in Precision Oncology”. L.P.: invited speaker for Pfizer, Novartis, Merck. V.M.: invited speaker for Novartis. L.M.: honoraria from MSD, Novartis; travel grants from Daiichi Sankyo, LeoPharma. A.S.: invited speaker for Novartis, BMS, MSD. C.G.: advisory role/invited speaker for Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Johnson&Johnson, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Roche, Takeda. T.B.: Travel accommodation and conference grants from MSD, Sanofi, Pfizer, and Lilly. Honoraria from MSD. A.R.F.: grants or contracts from AstraZeneca; investigator for Merck Sharp & Dohme, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche; consulting fees from AstraZeneca and Radiomics; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Takeda, Merck Sharp & Dohme. Travel expenses from AstraZeneca. L.T.: consulting/advisory boards/speaker bureau fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Beigene, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, Pfizer, Regeneron, MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis. Principal investigator of trials sponsored by AstraZeneca, ArriVent, Lilly, Roche, Amgen, BMS, PharmaMar, iTeos, and Daiichi Sankyo. A.C.: consultancies/advisory boards: MSD, OncoC4, Roche, Regeneron, BMS, Amgen, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Access Infinity, Ardelis Health, Alpha Sight, Capvision, Techspert, Alira Health, and Lightning Health. He also received speaker fees from Astrazeneca, Roche, Pierre Fabre, MSD, SANOFI/Regeneron; compensation for writing/editorial activity: BMS, MSD; travel support from Sanofi, MSD, Roche, and funding (to institution) from the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. A.S.: consultancies/advisory boards for Novartis, Amgen, MSD; speaker fees from Astrazeneca, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, Johnson&Johnson, BMS; funding from Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC). G.G.: advisory role for Italpharma; travel accommodation or other expenses paid or reimbursed by Roche, Eli Lilly, Amgen; honoraria by AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD. A.Pe.: cofounder and shareholder of two start-up companies, Agade srl and AllyArm srl; speaker for Novartis. C.B.: consultancies/advisory role for AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, Amgen, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, Daiichi Sankyo; travel, accommodations, or other expenses paid or reimbursed by Roche, Johnson & Johnson, BMS. M.G.: consultancies/advisory boards from BMS, Roche, Regeneron, Amgen, Johnson&Johnson, MSD; speaker fees from Astrazeneca, MSD, Pfizer, compensation for writing/editorial activity from MSD; travel support from Roche, MSD, BMS, Amgen. Astrazeneca. M.M.: advisory board for MSD, speaker fees from Astrazeneca, MSD, Pfizer, compensation for writing/editorial activity from MSD; travel support from Roche, MSD, BMS, Astrazeneca. E.G.P.: speaking fee from AZ, BMS, Regeneron; Travel Grant from Janssen, Roche. D.S.: honoraria from AstraZeneca, BMS, MSD, Roche, Johnson&Johnson, Sanofi, Novartis, Daiichi. Travel grants from MSD, Sanofi, BMS, Roche, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer. M.S.C.: consulting or advisory role for Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, Gentili, Accord; speaker bureau for Gentili, Techdow; travel expenses from Pfizer, Sanofi, Bayer; research funding from Gilead. G.V.: grants for advisory boards from: Amgen, MSD, Novartis; speaker fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Merck, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Takeda; travel support from AstraZeneca, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi. A.I.: advisory Board/Honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche. Medical writing grant from Merck Serono. Travel support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Roche, and Sanofi. S.C.: honoraria from Roche, Lilly Oncology, Menarini Stemline, Novartis; AIOM Foundation President. C.C.: honoraria from AstraZeneca, Roche. R.F.: advisory board for MSD and BeiGene.N.L.V.: consulting or advisory role for Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, MSD, Astrazeneca, EISAI; Speaker bureau for Pfizer, Roche, Gentili, Lilly, Gilead, Daiichi Sankyo, Techdow; Travel expenses from Pfizer, Roche; research funding from GSK, Gilead. R.B.: personal fees from Amgen, MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Roche, and AstraZeneca. G.P.: personal fees from Roche Foundation One, Bayer, Novartis, Lilly. F.d.B: patent for PCT/IB2020/055956 pending and a patent for IT201900009954 pending; honoraria from Roche, EMD Serono, NMS Nerviano Medical Science, Sanofi, MSD, Novartis, Incyte, BMS, Menarini Healthcare Research & Pharmacoepidemiology, Merck Group, Pfizer, Servier, AMGEN, Incyte. M.C.G.: honoraria from MSD Oncology, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb; consulting or Advisory Role: Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Takeda, Roche, Tiziana Life Sciences, Sanofi, Celgene, Daiiki Sankyo, Inivata, Incyte, Pfizer, Seattle Genetics, Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer, Blueprint Medicines, Janssen; speakers’ bureau from AstraZeneca, Takeda, MSD Oncology, Celgene, Incyte, Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Otsuka, Lilly; research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, Roche/Genentech, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Merck, Incyte, Takeda, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Blueprint Medicines, Lilly, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Turning Point Therapeutics, Janssen, Exelixis, MedImmune, Array BioPharma, Sanofi; travel and accommodations expenses from Pfizer, Roche, AstraZeneca. C.P.: personal fees from Italfarmaco, AstraZeneca, BMS, and Merck Sharp and Dohme. G.L.R.: consultation, advisory boards, honoraria, or education grants: Merck Sharp and Dohme, Takeda, Amgen, Eli Lilly, BMS, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Italfarmaco, Novartis, Sanofi, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca. Other authors declare no financial competing interests.
