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Article History

Received: 1 February 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Competing interests

: D.H. (Denis Horgan):Affiliated with the European Alliance for Personalized Medicine and Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.J.P. (Joe Paulson):Employed by Exelixis, a biopharmaceutical company involved in oncology therapeutics.Declaration: May have financial interests related to the development or commercialization of oncology treatments.A.L.B. (Arturo Loaiza-Bonilla):Affiliated with Massive Bio and St. Luke’s University Health Network / Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University.Declaration: May have financial interests related to the development of AI-driven solutions or other proprietary technologies in oncology. Consulting fees from Guardant Health, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Medscape, stock in BioLineRx. Patents filed: “Neurosymbolic architectures with dynamic knowledge graph feedback for real time clinical trial matching". “Systems and Methods for Real Time Individualized Drug Utilization Optimization Using Causal Machine Learning, Dynamic Knowledge Graphs, and Digital Twin Patient Modeling". “Systems and Methods for Dynamic Patient Journey Mapping Using Multimodal Data Vectors, Neurosymbolic Knowledge Graphs, and Digital Twin Simulation for Real Time Trial Matching". “MEMORY-EFFICIENT POSITIVE GEOMETRY LAYERS FOR PREDICTIVE MODELS"C.S. (Christer Svedman):Affiliated with N-Power Medicine, which focuses on digital health solutions.Declaration: May have non-financial interests linked to advancing digital or AI-based clinical trial matching tools.U.M. (Umberto Malapelle):Affiliated with the University Federico II of Naples.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.F.P.L. (Frédérique Penault Lorca):Affiliated with Center Jean Perrin and Université d’Auvergne.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.H.M.A.R. (Hadi Mohamad Abu Rahsheed):Affiliated with Qatar Cancer Society.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.P.H. (Paul Hofman):Affiliated with IHU RespirERA, FHU OncoAge, and related clinical research institutions.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.S.K. (Stan Kachnowsk):Affiliated with HITLAB at Columbia University, a center focused on healthcare innovation and technology.Declaration: No competing financial or non-financial interests have been declared.D.S. (Daniel Schneider):Employed by Johnson and Johnson, a major multinational healthcare company.Declaration: May have financial interests related to products or technologies in oncology that could be perceived as relevant to this work.V.S. (Vivek Subbiah):Affiliated with the Sarah Cannon Research Institute, which is involved in clinical research and trial operations.Declaration: May have financial interests associated with clinical trial management or related services in oncology.Note: The above statements are intended to provide transparency regarding potential competing interests. Each author confirms that they have reviewed these declarations and, where applicable, will update the journal with any additional relevant details or clarifications.