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Article History

Received: 14 August 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Competing interests

: P.L.: none related to the current manuscript; outside of current manuscript: grants/sponsored research agreements from Radiomics SA, Convert Pharmaceuticals SA, and LivingMed Biotech srl. He received a presenter fee and/or reimbursement of travel costs/consultancy fee (in cash or in kind) from Astra Zeneca, BHV srl & Roche. P.L. has/had minority shares in the companies Radiomics SA, Convert pharmaceuticals SA, Comunicare SA, LivingMed Biotech srl and Bactam srl. PL is co-inventor of two issued patents with royalties on radiomics (PCT/NL2014/050248 and PCT/NL2014/050728), licensed to Radiomics SA; one issued patent on mtDNA (PCT/EP2014/059089), licensed to ptTheragnostic/DNAmito; one granted patent on LSRT (PCT/ P126537PC00, US patent No. 12,102,842), licensed to Varian; one issued patent on Radiomic signature of hypoxia (U.S. Patent 11,972,867), licensed to a commercial entity; one issued patent on Prodrugs (WO2019EP64112) without royalties; one non-issued, non-licensed patents on Deep Learning-Radiomics (N2024889) and three non-patented inventions (softwares) licensed to ptTheragnostic/DNAmito, Radiomics SA and Health Innovation Ventures). P.L. confirms that none of the above entities were involved in the preparation of this paper. H.C.W. has, outside of the current manuscript, minority shares in the company Radiomics SA. L.J.D. has, outside of the current manuscript, minority shares in the companies Convert Pharmaceuticals SA and LivingMed Biotech srl. L.J.D. is co-inventor of a granted patent on LSRT (PCT/ P126537PC00, US patent No. 12,102,842), licensed to Varian. The other authors do not have a competing interest.