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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Competing interests

: I.H.S. has declared Advisory Board fees from Seattle Genetics, Guardant, Amgen, Pfizer and GSK, and Lumanity; research funding from BAYER, Roche, and GSK. M.K. has disclosed consulting or advisory roles at Cardinal Health, Muerus, and TriSalus Life Sciences; stock and other ownership interests from Cardiff Oncology; Speakers' Bureau at Caris Life Sciences; and research funding from Abbvie (Inst), FOGPharma (Inst), IgM Biosciences (Inst), and Torl Biotherapeutics (Inst). A.G. has declared honoraria: Total Health Conferencing, Cardinal Health; consulting or advisory role: Bristol Myers Squibb (Inst), Lilly (Inst), Amgen (Inst), Daiichi Sankyo (Inst), OBI Pharma, Caris Life Sciences (Inst), Guardant Health (Inst), Natera (Inst), Replimune (Inst); research funding: Eisai (Inst), Lilly (Inst), Daiichi Sankyo (Inst), Replimune (Inst), Natera (Inst), Caris Life Sciences (Inst), Guardant Health (Inst); travel, accommodations, expenses: Cardinal Health, Total Health Conferencing. B.A.W. has declared employment: Apple (I); stock and other ownership interests: Apple (I); honoraria: Primum, Caris Life Sciences; consulting or advisory role: Merus NV, DoMore Diagnostics, Foundation Medicine, Agenus, Regeneron, CytoDyn; Speakers' Bureau: Sirtex Medical, Seagen, Merus NV, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Natera, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer; research funding: Ipsen (Inst), Immune System Key (Inst), Merck (Inst), BioXCel therapeutics (Inst); expert testimony: AstraZeneca; travel, accommodations, expenses: Merus NV. M.A. has disclosed consulting or advisory roles at AstraZeneca, Curio Science, Eisai, Exelixis, Genentech, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Ipsen, Isofol Medical, QED Therapeutics, Taiho Pharmaceutical; and research funding from AstraZeneca (Inst), Bayer (Inst), Bellicum Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Boehringer Ingelheim (Inst), Bristol-Myers Squibb-Ono Pharmaceutical (Inst), Eisai (Inst), IMPAC Medical Systems (Inst), Merck Sharp & Dohme (Inst), Pfizer (Inst), Polaris (Inst), RedHill Biopharma (Inst), Syros Pharmaceuticals (Inst), Tesaro (Inst), and Xencor (Inst). A.K. has received grants from Astellas, Panavance, Ability, Novita, Cardiff, Lisata Therapeutics, and Boundless Bio outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported. E.L. has disclosed equipment for laboratory-based research 2018-present, Novocure, Ltd; honorarium for panel discussion organized by Antidote Education for a CME module on diagnostics and treatment of HER2+ gastric and colorectal cancers, funded by Daiichi-Sankyo, 2021 (honorarium donated to lab); compensation for scientific review of proposed printed content; Elsevier Publishing and Johns Hopkins Press; consultant, Nomocan Pharmaceuticals (no financial compensation); Institutional Principal Investigator for clinical trials sponsored by Celgene, Novocure, Intima Bioscience, Inc., the National Cancer Institute, and the University of Minnesota membership in the Caris Life Sciences Precision Oncology Alliance (no financial compensation). A.S. has received research grants (to institution) from Merck, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Exelixis, Clovis, Biontech, Astellas, Dragonfly Therapeutics, Innovent biologics, KAHR medical, Amgen, Celgene, Actuate Therapeutics, Incyte corporation, Seagen, Daiichi Sankyo, and Advisory Board fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Exelixis, Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo. J.X., Y.B., E.P., M.O., and G.S. are employees of Caris Life Sciences. The authors declare no other financial or non-financial interests.