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Article History

Received: 8 October 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Competing interests

: SMT reports consulting or advisory role for Novartis, Pfizer/SeaGen, Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb/Systimmune, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Blueprint Medicines, Reveal Genomics, Sumitovant Biopharma, Artios Pharma, Menarini/Stemline, Aadi Bio, Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Tango Therapeutics, eFFECTOR, Hengrui USA, Cullinan Oncology, Circle Pharma, Arvinas, BioNTech, Launch Therapeutics, Zuellig Pharma, Johnson&Johnson/Ambrx, Bicycle Therapeutics, BeiGene Therapeutics, Mersana, Summit Therapeutics, Avenzo Therapeutics, Aktis Oncology, Celcuity, Boehringer Ingelheim, Samsung Bioepis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Tempus, Boundless Bio; research funding from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, NanoString Technologies, Gilead, SeaGen, OncoPep, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini/Stemline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Olema Pharmaceuticals; travel support from Lilly, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Arvinas, Roche. SS reports institutional research funding from Daichi Sankyo, Relay Therapeutics, SEAGEN and Sermonix; and consulting/advisory fees from Astra Zeneca, Daichi Sankyo, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Incyclix, Pfizer, Sermonix, SEAGEN, and Novartis. NUL reports institutional research support from Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Zion Pharmaceuticals, Olema Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca; consulting honoraria from Seattle Genetics, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Stemline/Menarini, Artera Inc., Eisai, Shorla Oncology; royalties from Up to date (book); and travel support from Olema, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo. BEJ reports consulting fees from Novarits, Checkpoint Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca, Daichi Sankyo, Genentech, Bluedot Bio, Jass Pharmaceuticals, Merus, Abdera, and Simcere Pharmaceutical; paid member of a Data Safety Monitoring Committee for Revolution Medicine; and unpaid membership of Steering Committee for Pfizer. The remaining authors report no competing interests. TAK reports speaker honoraria for Exact Sciences, compensated service on the FES Steering Committee for GE Healthcare, compensated service for for a Prosigna advisory board role for Veracyte, compensated service on the advisory board for Ataraxia AI, and compensated service as faculty for PrecisCa cancer information service. ACGC reports institutional research support from Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Merck, Zenith Epigenetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Biovica, Foundation Medicine, 4D Path, Precede Biosciences, Bicycle Therapeutics; scientific advisory board/consulting for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, TD Cowen; speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead Sciences, Roche/Genentech; and travel/other support from Roche/Genentech, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Merck, Pfizer. The remaining authors have no competing interests to report.