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Article History

Received: 18 November 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Competing interests

: P.M. had a consultant/advisory role for Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, AMGEN, Merck Serono, Pierre Fabre, and Incyte. He is a member of the advisory board of Drug-PIN. A.G. is the holder of patent PTC/IB2019/052310. G.C. had a role in advisory board for Roche, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Gilead, Menarini, Exact Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Merck. C.B.W. served as an advisor for: AstraZeneca, BMS, Frankfurt Institute of Clinical Cancer Research (IKF), Incyte, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Taiho. He received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, GSK, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, MSD, Merck, Pierre Fabre, QuIP GmbH, Roche, Servier; received travel support from Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Servier, Taiho, and research funding from Roche (institutional). He serves as serves as faculty for European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), Deutsche Krebshilfe (DKH), and Arbeitsgemeinschaft internistische Onkologie (AIO), is a member of the EU Commission expert group: Mission Board for cancer, and of the BMBF steering committee: Strategiekreis Dekade gegen Krebs. M.B. is employed in the Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) and is an unpaid member of the Technical and Scientific Committee of the Italian Medicine Agency (AIFA). S.L. was an invited speaker for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Incyte, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pierre Fabre, Roche and Servier and had a role in advisory boards for Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Servier, Takeda, Rottapharm, BeiGene, Fosun Pharma and Nimbus Therapeutics. S.S. was an invited speaker for Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Roche, and AstraZeneca. L.F. reports speaking honoraria from Incyte, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Eli Lilly. He also received institutional research funding from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Incyte, BeiGene, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, and Roche. He had a role in advisory boards for Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Incyte, Taiho, Servier, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, and Astellas. V.G. has a role in leadership for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Olema Oncology, Pierre Fabre, and Menarini Stemline. She had a role as a speaker for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Roche, Zentiva, Menarini Stemline, and provided expert testimony for Eli Lilly. U.D.G. received consultation fees from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Esai, Ipsen, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine (formerly Janssen), Merck KGaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, and Pfizer, and travel expenses for attending symposia from AstraZeneca, Ipsen, and Pfizer. P.A., G.B., G.D., M.A., C.C., P.C., E. Crimini, and M.C. declare no competing interests. S.P. had a role as consultant/advisor for AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Seagen, Sophos, and Gilead and received travel and accommodation fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Menarini, Novartis, and Gilead. S.V. had a role as a speaker for Novartis. R.B. declares no competing interests. S.B. received congress travel support from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Bayer, and Ipsen and had a role in advisory boards and steering committees for Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Astellas, Roche, Johnson & Johnson, Ipsen, Bayer, Novartis, Merck, AstraZeneca, and Gilead. G.B. declares no competing interests. L.D.M. received personal grant for advisory/consultant/speaker activities from Agendia, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Eisai, Exact Sciences, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ipsen, Roche, Seagen, Menarini, Stemline, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Olema, Pierre Fabre, and Pfizer. A.D.C. declares no competing interests. A.F. received financial fees from Roche, Menarini, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, and Gentili. F.DG had consulting fees with Novartis, BMS, MSD, and Pierre-Fabre. E.F., S.G., G.M., A.P., and D.P. declare no competing interests. F.P. received honoraria for advisory boards, activities as a speaker, travel grants, and research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Celgene, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead, Ipsen, Italfarmaco, Menarini, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, Seagen, Takeda, and Viatris. He received research funding from AstraZeneca, Eisai, and Roche. S.T. declares no competing interests. A.Z. received honoraria for consultancy and advisory board from Roche, Novartis, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Exact Sciences, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Seagen, Menarini, and Stemline. D.M. had a role in advisory boards for Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merck, and AstraZeneca, and received fees for travel and meetings from Pierre Fabre and Amgen. F.C. received fees for membership of an advisory board or lectures from Roche, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Takeda, Eli Lilly, Bayer, Amgen, Sanofi, Pharmamar, Novocure, Mirati, Galecto, OSE, Illumina, Thermo Fisher Scientific, BeiGene, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. B.C. had a role in advisory boards for Merck Sharp & Dohme and Daiichi Sankyo. G.G. declares no competing interests. U.M. has received personal fees (as a consultant and/or speaker bureau) from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eli Lilly, Diaceutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Diatech, Novartis, and Hedera. F.M. and M.N. declare no competing interests. G.P. received financial fees from Illumina, Roche, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Exact Sciences, and ADS Biotech. M.S. and L.S. declare no competing interests. G.T. had a role in advisory boards for Molteni, Novartis, PharmaMar, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. A.S., V.A., D.Q., P.T., P.D., B.U., C.B., and E.Z. declare no competing interests. C.P. received personal fees for advisory role, speaker engagements, and travel accommodation expenses from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Incyte, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Servier. A.T., L.B., E.M., C.M., and A.R. declare no competing interests. R. Berardi received consulting fees and/or donations to institution from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Roche, Astellas, Eisai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Menarini, Gilead, Pierre Fabre, Bristol Myers Squibb, Seagen, Incyte, Eli Lilly, Bayer, and Daiichi Sankyo. G.L. received advisory/consulting fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Novartis, Orbus, Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Health4u, Braun Melsungen, Janssen, BioRegio-Stern, Servier, Novocure, and TME Pharma and travel fees from Roche, Bayer, and Servier. A. Piancastelli declares no competing interests. G. Masi received fees for advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai, Roche and Sirtex; speaking honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai, Terumo and Sirtex; travel grants from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Ipsen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eisai and Roche; and research grants from Roche, Terumo and Sirtex. L.B., V.V., and F. Mannozzi declare no competing interests. N.M. received advisory board consultation fees from Roche, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca. A.B. had a role in advisory boards and steering committees and has been an invited speaker for Novartis, Roche, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Gentili.