Document is current

Article History

Received: 11 December 2025

Accepted: 22 April 2026

First Online: 5 May 2026

Competing interests

: Mohamad SonbolHonoraria—NovartisResearch Funding—Lilly (Inst); Taiho Oncology (Inst) Christina WuHonoraria—Cancer Treament Centers of America; MedscapeConsulting or Advisory Role—Daiichi Sankyo/Lilly; Exelixis; Natera; Natera; Nova Research Company; Pfizer; SeagenResearch Funding—HUTCHMED; Pfizer; Sirnaomics (Inst); Sumitomo Pharma (Inst) Nguyen TranHonoraria—Helsinn Therapeutics (Inst); QED Therapeutics (Inst)Consulting or Advisory Role—AstraZeneca (Inst); QED Therapeutics (Inst); TEMPUS (Inst)Research Funding—Exact Sciences Hani BabikerConsulting or Advisory Role—Celgene; Endocyte; Idera; Myovant Sciences; NovocureSpeakers’ Bureau—Guardant Health Takayuki YoshinoHonoraria—Chugai Pharma; Merck; MSD K.K.; TakedaConsulting or Advisory Role—Sumitomo Corp.Research Funding—Amgen (Inst); Bristol-Myers Squibb Japan (Inst); Chugai Pharma (Inst); DAIICHI SANKYO COMPANY, LIMITED (Inst); Eisai (Inst); FALCO biosystems Ltd. (Inst); Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Inst); Merus (Inst); Molecular Health (Inst); MSD (Inst); Ono Pharmaceutical (Inst); Pfizer (Inst); Roche (Inst); Sanofi (Inst); Sysmex (Inst); Taiho Pharmaceutical (Inst); Takeda (Inst) Masafumi IkedaHonoraria—Abbvie; AstraZeneca; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Chugai Pharma; EA Pharma; Eisai; Fujifilm; Guardant Health; Incyte; Lilly Japan; MSD; Nihonkayaku; Nobelpharma; Novartis; Ono Pharmaceutical; SERVIER; Taiho Pharmaceutical; Taisho Pharmaceutical Holdings; Takeda; Teijin Pharma; Yakult PharmaceuticalConsulting or Advisory Role—Astellas Pharma; AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Boston Scientific; Bristol-Myers Squibb Japan; Chugai Pharma; Eisai; Guardant Health; MSD; Novartis; Roche; SERVIERResearch Funding—AstraZeneca (Inst); Bayer Yakuhin (Inst); Boehringer Ingelheim (Inst); Bristol-Myers Squibb (Inst); Chiome Bioscience (Inst); Chugai Pharma (Inst); Delta-Fly Pharma (Inst); Eisai (Inst); InVitae (Inst); J-Pharma (Inst); Lilly Japan (Inst); Merck (Inst); Merus NV (Inst); MSD (Inst); Nihon Servier (Inst); Nobelpharma (Inst); Novartis (Inst); Ono Pharmaceutical (Inst); Rakuten Medical Japan (Inst); Syneos Health (Inst) Chigusa MorizaneHonoraria—AstraZeneca; Chugai Pharma; Eisai; Guardant Health; Incyte Japan; MSD K.K.; Myriad Genetics; Novartis; Taiho Pharmaceutical; Yakult HonshaConsulting or Advisory Role—AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Merck; MSD K.K.; SERVIER; Taiho Pharmaceutical; Yakult HonshaResearch Funding—AstraZeneca (Inst); Boehringer Ingelheim (Inst); Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare; Eisai (Inst); EPS Corporation (Inst); Hitachi (Inst); J-Pharma (Inst); LabCorp (Inst); Merck (Inst); ONO PHARMACEUTICAL (Inst); Taiho Pharmaceutical (Inst); Yakult Honsha (Inst) Hideaki BandoHonoraria—Chugai Pharma; Ono Pharmaceutical; Taiho Pharmaceutical Yoshiaki NakamuraConsulting or Advisory Role—DAIICHI SANKYO Co., Ltd.; Exact Sciences; Gilead Sciences; Guardant Health Pte Ltd; Natera,Inc.; Premo Partners, Inc.; Roche Ltd./; Seagen,Inc.; TakedaSpeakers’ Bureau—Becton Dickinson; CareNet,Inc.; Chugai Pharma; DAIICHI SANKYO Co., Ltd.; Eisai; Guardant Health Japan Corp.; Guardant Health Pte Ltd; Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical; Merck; Miyarisan pharmaceutical; MSD K.K; Taiho Pharmaceutical; Zeria PharmaceuticalResearch Funding—Chugai Pharma (Inst); DAIICHI SANKYO Co., Ltd. (Inst); Genomedia (Inst); Guardant Health (Inst); Guardant Health AMEA, Inc. (Inst); Roche (Inst); Seagen,Inc. (Inst); Tempus (Inst) Takao FujisawaHonoraria—Amelief; Merck Serono Daniel AhnStock and Other Ownership Interests—NateraConsulting or Advisory Role—Advanced Accelerator Applications; Daiichi Sankyo/Astra Zeneca; Eisai; Exelixis; Genentech/Roche; Incyte; Incyte; NovartisResearch Funding—AstraZeneca; Bayer Mitesh BoradConsulting or Advisory Role—BJ Bioscience; Genentech; Imvax; Kriya Therapeutics; Lynx Group; Merck; Senti Biosciences; Tempus; ZymeworksResearch Funding—Adaptimmune (Inst); Agios (Inst); AstraZeneca (Inst); Basilea (Inst); Biond Biologics (Inst); Celgene (Inst); Eisai (Inst); EMD Serono (Inst); Halozyme (Inst); Incyte (Inst); Incyte (Inst); Isis Pharmaceuticals (Inst); Kinnate Biopharma (Inst); MedImmune (Inst); Merck Serono (Inst); Puma Biotechnology (Inst); QED Therapeutics (Inst); Qurient (Inst); RedHill Biopharma (Inst); Relay Therapeutics (Inst); Senhwa Biosciences (Inst); Sillajen (Inst); Taiho Pharmaceutical (Inst); ZielBio (Inst) Tanios Bekaii-SaabConsulting or Advisory Role—Abbvie; Amgen (Inst); Arcus Biosciences (Inst); AstraZeneca; Bayer (Inst); BeiGene; Boehringer Ingelheim; Caladrius Biosciences; Caladrius Biosciences; Celularity; Daiichi Sankyo/UCB Japan; Deciphera; Eisai; Eisai; Exact Sciences; Foundation Medicine; Foundation Medicine; Illumina; Immuneering; Incyte (Inst); Ipsen (Inst); Janssen; Kanaph Therapeutics; Lilly (Inst); Natera; Pfizer (Inst); Roche/Genentech (Inst); Seagen (Inst); SOBI; Stemline Therapeutics; Treos Bio; Zai LabPatents, Royalties, Other Intellectual Property—Patent WO/2018/183488; Patent WO/2019/055687.