Frye, Marshall B.
Chin, Jonathan R.
Smith, Walter J.
Funni, Stephen Daniel
Wahl, Joshua D.
Ghorai, Anaranya
Paillard, Charles
Österholm, Anna M.
Cha, Judy J.
Beechem, Thomas E.
Garten, Lauren M.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0263)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0263)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0263)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0263)
National Science Foundation (ECCS-1542174)
National Science Foundation (DMR-1539916)
National Science Foundation (DMR-1539916)
National Science Foundation (DMR-1539916)
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-2039655)
Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023905)
Basic Energy Sciences (DE-SC0023905)
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 27 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.