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Article History

Received: 29 August 2024

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Competing interests

: J.L. received honoraria from the Forum for Continuing Medical Education (FomF), AstraZeneca GmbH (Germany), and Novartis Pharma GmbH (Germany). J.N.K. declares consulting services for Owkin, France; DoMore Diagnostics, Norway; Panakeia, UK, and Scailyte, Basel, Switzerland; furthermore J.N.K. holds shares in Kather Consulting, Dresden, Germany; and StratifAI GmbH, Dresden, Germany, and has received honoraria for lectures and advisory board participation by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. D.T. received honoraria for lectures by Bayer and holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany. K.K.B. has received honoraria for lectures by GE HealthCare and Canon Medical Systems Corporation. M.K. has received fees from Springer Press, Biermann Press, Celgene, AstraZeneca, Myriad Genetics, TEVA, Eli Lilly, GSK, Seagen, AllergoSan, FomF, Roche, BESINS, Bayer AG. M.K. has received honoraria for consulting and advisory board participation by Myriad Genetics, Bavarian KVB, DKMS Life, BLAEK, TEVA, Exeltis, Roche, BESINS, Bayer AG. M.K. holds shares in AIM GmbH, in-manas GmbH, Therawis Diagnostic GmbH. H.B. has received personal fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Gilead, and GlaxoSmithKline outside the submitted work. The authors have no additional financial or non-financial conflicts of interest to disclose.