Kim, Grace Y. E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-6682
Schwede, Matthew
Corbin, Conor K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1293-9053
Fouladvand, Sajjad
Brar, Rondeep
Iberri, David
Shomali, William
Oak, Jean S.
Gratzinger, Dita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9182-8123
Stehr, Henning
Chen, Jonathan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4387-8740
Funding for this research was provided by:
Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine & Imaging (AIMI) and the Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI) Joint Partnership Grant
Stanford Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Imaging & Center for Human Centered AI Joint Grant: AIMI-HAI-21-05
Article History
Received: 12 February 2024
Accepted: 18 June 2025
First Online: 19 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests. JHC co-founded Reaction Explorer LLC, which develops and licenses organic chemistry education software, and receives consultation payments from the National Institute of Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network, Tuolc Inc., Roche Inc., and Younker Hyde MacFarlane PLLC. CKC is employed by SmarterDx, a health AI company. This employment does not directly pertain to the findings in this manuscript. All other authors declare no competing interests.