Cheng, Haoran
Wong, Joy Le Yi
Quek, Chrystie Wan Ning
Goldberg, Jeffrey L.
Mahajan, Vinit B.
Wong, Tien Yin
Mehta, Jodhbir S.
Ting, Daniel S. W.
Ting, Darren S. J.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research to Prevent Blindness
National Eye Institute (P30-EY026877, P30-EY026877)
National Natural Science Fund of China (82388101)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (IS23096)
National Key R&D Program (2022YFC2502800)
National Medical Research Council, Singapore (NMCR/HSRG/0087/2018, MOH-000655-00 and MOH-001014-00)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A20H4g2141 and H20C6a0032)
Duke-NUS Medical School (Duke-NUS/RSF/2021/0018 and 05/FY2020/EX/15-A58, 05/FY2022/EX/66-A128)
Fight for Sight UK (MR/T001674/1)
Birmingham Health Partners
MRC Proximity to Discovery and Impact (P2D) Fund (MR/X502996/1)
Article History
Received: 6 November 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 25 September 2025
Competing interests
: D.S.W.T. holds a patent on a deep learning system for the detection of retinal diseases (10201706186V) and a computer-implemented method for training an image classifier using weakly annotated training data (10201901083Y) and stocks at EyRIS, Singapore and aISIGHT. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.