Cui, Hejie
Unell, Alyssa
Chen, Bowen
Fries, Jason Alan
Alsentzer, Emily
Koyejo, Sanmi
Shah, Nigam H.
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Mark and Debra Leslie fund for AI in Healthcare
National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF 23-605)
Article History
Received: 17 May 2025
Accepted: 17 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.