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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 16 October 2025

Competing interests

: P.L.A. has received research grants from the Swiss Heart Foundation (FF20079, FF21103 and FF24149) and speaker’s honoraria from Quidel, paid to the institution, Roche Diagnostics and Polymedco in the last 36 months, all outside the submitted work. J.B. is supported by an Edinburgh Doctoral College Scholarship and research grants from the University of Basel, the University Hospital of Basel, the Division of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, the Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, and has received honoraria from Siemens, Roche Diagnostics, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Quidel Corporation, and Beckman Coulter, and travel support from Medtron-ic and Vascularmedical, all outside the submitted work. C.M. reports receiving research support from the the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Heart Foundation, the University Hos-pital Basel, the University of Basel, Abbott, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Beckman Coul-ter, BRAHMS, Idorsia, Novartis, Ortho Clinical, Quidel, Roche, Siemens, SpinChip, Upstream, and Sphingotec, as well as speaker/consulting honoraria from Acon, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Idorsia, Osler, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, SpinChip, and Sanofi, all paid to the institution. F.M. has been supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft (SFB TRR219, Project-ID 322900939) and Deutsche Herzstiftung. Saarland University has received scientific support from Ablative Solutions, Medtronic and ReCor Medical. Until May 2024, F.M. has received speaker honoraria/consulting fees from Ablative Solutions, Astra-Zeneca, Inari, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Philips and ReCor Medical. C.P. received research support from Roche Diagnostics and the Swiss Heart Foundation, as well as chaired an advisory board with honoraria from Roche Diagnostics paid to the institution. E.K. reports support from the Swiss Heart Foundation, the University Hospital Basel, Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation, and speaking/consulting fees from SpinChip, Boehringer Ingelheim. All other authors declare no competing interests.