Chen, Shan
Gao, Mingye
Sasse, Kuleen
Hartvigsen, Thomas
Anthony, Brian
Fan, Lizhou
Aerts, Hugo
Gallifant, Jack
Bitterman, Danielle S.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Google Research (PhD Fellowship)
National Institutes of Health,United States (U54CA274516-01A1, U54CA274516-01A1, U54CA274516-01A1)
National Institutes of Health (R01CA294033, R01CA294033)
Woods Foundation
Article History
Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 17 October 2025
Competing interests
: D.S.B.: Editorial, unrelated to this work: Associate Editor of Radiation Oncology, HemOnc.org (no financial compensation); Advisory and consulting, unrelated to this work: MercurialAI. BWA: Advisory and consulting, unrelated to this work.