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Article History

Received: 9 August 2025

Accepted: 18 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Competing interests

: K.H. reports personal fees from Bayer, personal fees and other from Sofie Biosciences, personal fees from SIRTEX, non-financial support from ABX, personal fees from Adacap, personal fees from Curium, personal fees from Endocyte, grants and personal fees from BTG, personal fees from IPSEN, personal fees from Siemens Healthineers, personal fees from GE Healthcare, personal fees from Amgen, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from ymabs, personal fees from Aktis Oncology, personal fees from Theragnostics, personal fees from Pharma15, personal fees from Debiopharm, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Janssen, outside the submitted work. MSchuler reports consultant fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BIOCAD, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda; Honoraries for CME presentations from Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi; Research funding to institution from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb. DS reports grants from Novartis, Amgen, MSD, Roche, BMS and consulting fees from Nektar, Philogen, lnFlarX, Neracare, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Replimune, Amgen, SunPharma, Daiichi Sanyo, AstraZeneca, IQVIA, LabCorp, BioAlta, and Sanofi; Honoraria from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck-Serono, Pierre Fabre, Replimune, SunPharma, LabCorp and Sanofi; Support for attending meetings from Pierre Fabre, BMS, MSD; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board (all unpaid) from EORTC, WTZ, Deutsche Krebshilfe, University Alliance Ruhr. MStuschke reports grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Sanofi-Aventis, Janssen-Cilag; Participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board from Sanofi-Aventis, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Janssen-Cilag, AstraZeneca, Medupdate GmbH, Bristol-Myers-Squibb. BMS received grants from PharmaCept, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation. JH received support from the German Research Foundation as a member of the clinical scientist program. JK received support from the German Cancer Consortium Joint Funding (DKTK JF RAMTAS). KBB received grants from Elekta. JS received grants from Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Roche/Genentech, Eisbach Bio, Abalos Therapeutics; Consulting fees from Celgene, AstraZeneca, Immunocore, Bayer, Roche, Novartis, SERVIER, MSD Sharpe Dome; Honoraria for lectures from Celgene, Astrazeneca, Immunocore, Bayer, Roche, Novartis, SERVIER, MSD Sharpe Dome; Support for attending meetings from SERVIER; Support for attending meetings from Novartis, Immunocore, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, AstraZeneca; Stock options from Pharma15. MW received grants from Takeda; Consulting fees from GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis; Honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Roche, and Takeda; Support for attending Meetings from Janssen and GlaxoSmithKline; Participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Takeda. SK received grants from BMS, Roche, Lilly; Consulting fees from BMS, Lilly, Amgen, Merck Serono, MSD, Novartis, Onkowissen.de, Incyte; Honoraria from BMS, Amgen, MSD, Merck Serono, Lilly, Servier; Support for attending Meetings from Amgen, Pierre Fabre, BMS, Roche, Lilly; Participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board from Novartis; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board society from DGHO, DKG-AIO; VG received support from Wilhelm-Sander-Foundation; Grants from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, BMS, Ipsen; Consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Apogepha, Astellas, BMS, Novartis, Apogepha, EISAI, MSD, MerckSerono, Roche, EUSAPharm, Nanobiotix, Debiopharm, Oncorena, PCI Biotech; Honoraria from AstraZeneca, Astellas, BMS, Novartis, Ipsen, EISAI, MSD, MerckSerono, Roche, EUSAPharm, Janssen, ONO Pharmaceutical; Support for attending meetings from Merck, Pfizer, Janssen; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board society from German medical oncology working group for cancer treatment, German Cancer Society, German Society of Hematology and Oncology, ESMO, and ASCO; BH reports grants from German Research Foundation; Royalties from Uromed; Consulting fees from AAA/Novartis, ABX, BMS, Bayer, Janssen, Lightpoint, MSD, Pfizer; Honoraria from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, Pfizer; Support for attending meetings from Astellas, Bayer, Janssen; Participation on a data safety monitoring or advisory board from Janssen; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board society from German Cancer Society. All remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.