Ahn, Jang Ho
Lee, Hyeonhoon
Gambus, Pedro
Yoon, Hyun-Kyu
Ju, Jae-Woo
Lee, Hyung-Chul
Funding for this research was provided by:
Seoul National University Hospital (04-2023-0620)
Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (RS-2024-00441407)
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (RS-2024-00439677)
Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: H.L. is an associate editor of npj Digital Medicine. Other authors declare that they have no known competing interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.