Gunter, Katarina M.
Groenewald, Karolien
Aubourg, Timothee
Lo, Christine
Welch, Jessica
Razzaque, Jamil
van Hillegondsberg, Ludo
Nastasa, Adriana
Ratti, Pietro-Luca
Orso, Beatrice
Mattioli, Pietro
Pardini, Matteo
Raffa, Stefano
Massa, Federico
McGowan, Daniel R.
Bradley, Kevin M.
Arnaldi, Dario
Klein, Johannes C.
Arora, Siddharth
Hu, Michele T.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
Parkinson’s UK
Cure Parkinson’s Trust
Article History
Received: 13 May 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: Michele Hu and Siddharth Arora report they are advisory founders and shareholders of NeuHealth Digital Ltd (company number: 14492037), a digital biomarker platform to remotely manage condition progression for Parkinson’s. Christine Lo has received royalties from NeuHealth Digital Ltd. Michele Hu currently receives payment for Advisory Board attendance/consultancy from Helicon, NeuHealth Digital, Roche and Manus Neurodynamica. All other authors declare no competing interests.