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Authors
Siden, Rachel
Kerman, Hannah
Gallo, Robert J.
Cool, Joséphine A.
Hom, Jason
Goh, Ethan
Ahuja, Neera
Heidenreich, Paul
Shieh, Lisa
Yang, Daniel
Chen, Jonathan H.
Rodman, Adam
Holdsworth, Laura M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (12409)
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Competing interests
: J.H. reports: Being an advisor for Cognita Imaging and having equity options. J.C. has received additional research funding support in part by: NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI17812101); NIH-NCATS-Clinical & Translational Science Award (UM1TR004921); NIH/National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (UG1DA015815 - CTN-0136); Stanford Bio-X Interdisciplinary Initiatives Seed Grants Program (IIP) [R12] [JHC]; NIH/Center for Undiagnosed Diseases at Stanford (U01 NS134358); Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI); Stanford RAISE Health Seed Grant 2024; Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation (AI in Medical Education). J.C. reports being: Co-founder of Reaction Explorer LLC that develops and licenses organic chemistry education software; Paid medical expert witness fees from Sutton Pierce, Younker Hyde MacFarlane, Sykes McAllister, and Elite Experts; Paid consulting fees from ISHI Health; Paid honoraria or travel expenses for invited presentations by General Reinsurance Corporation, Cozeva, and other industry conferences, academic institutions, and health systems. A.R. reports additional research funding paid in part by: Josiah Jr. Macy Foundation (P25-04). A.R. reports being: A part-time visiting researcher at Google. All other authors declare no competing interests.
