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Authors
Elgendi, Mohamed
Elkhalifa, Azza
Alshehhi, Maha
Almarri, Elyazia
Khalaf, Kinda
Khandoker, Ahsan
Ward, Rabab
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Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author M.E. serves as an associate editor of npj biosensing and had no role in the peer-review or decision to publish this manuscript.
