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Authors
Hunt, Matthew S.
Dai, Tinglong
Abràmoff, Michael D.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Robert C. Watzke Endowment
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Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 23 November 2025
First Online: 15 December 2025
Competing interests
: M.D.A. reports the following conflicts of interest: patents and patent applications assigned to the University of Iowa and Digital Diagnostics relevant to the subject; Director, Consultant, shareholder, Digital Diagnostics Inc; Executive Secretary, Healthcare AI Coalition, Washington DC; Treasurer, Collaborative Community on Ophthalmic Imaging, Washington DC; member, American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) AI Committee; member, AI Workgroup Digital Medicine Payment Advisory Group (DMPAG) of the American Medical Association. T.D. declares no competing financial interests and a nonfinancial interest as a member of multiple study teams using LumineticsCore from Digital Diagnostics and as co-lead of Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg Distinguished Professorship Cluster on Global Advances in Medical Artificial Intelligence. T.D. is an Editor for npj Digital Medicine and played no role in the internal review or decision to publish this article. M.S.H. reports no financial or non-financial competing interests.
