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Article History

Received: 25 July 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Competing interests

: P.N. reports research grants from Allelica, Amgen, Apple, Boston Scientific, Cleerly, Genentech / Roche, Ionis, Novartis, and Silence Therapeutics, personal fees from Allelica, Apple, AstraZeneca, Bain Capital, Blackstone Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb, Creative Education Concepts, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly & Co, Esperion Therapeutics, Foresite Capital, Foresite Labs, Genentech / Roche, GV, HeartFlow, Magnet Biomedicine, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, TenSixteen Bio, and Tourmaline Bio, equity in Bolt, Candela, Mercury, MyOme, Parameter Health, Preciseli, and TenSixteen Bio, royalties from Recora for intensive cardiac rehabilitation, and spousal employment at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, all unrelated to the present work. A.V.K. is an employee and holds equity in Verve Therapeutics and has received consulting fees from Arboretum Therapeutics. R.B. received consulting fees from Casana Care, Inc, and Novartis unrelated to the present work. M.G. received consulting fees from Medtronic, Bayer and New Amsterdam, and serves on a DSMB for Merck; all unrelated to this present work. N.U. has worked at the American Cancer Society unrelated to the submitted work.