Park, Seung Hyun
Jin, Ju Hyun
Kim, Jongwoo
Lee, Dongha
Kim, Daein
Jang, Jaeseong
Yu, Hee Tae
You, Seng Chan
Joung, Boyoung
Funding for this research was provided by:
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI22C0452)
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (RS-2024-00397290)
Korea Health Industry Development Institute (RS-2022-KH125397)
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2025-24533659)
Samjin Pharmaceutical Company
Yuhan Pharmaceutical Company
Wellysis
HUINNO
Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 4 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Competing interests
: S.H.P. declares no competing interests beyond the institutional funding reported above. J.H.J., D.L., and H.T.Y. declare no competing interests. J.K. is a shareholder of Wellysis Corp. and reports pending patent applications related to atrial fibrillation prediction using AI (United States Application No. 18/636,402, filed 15 April 2024; Republic of Korea Application No. 10-2023-0069397, filed 30 May 2023). D.K. and J.J. are shareholders of HUINNO Corp. S.C.Y. serves as the Chief Executive Officer of PHI Digital Healthcare, reports grants from Daiichi Sankyo, and is a coinventor of granted Korean Patents (DP-2023-1223, DP-2023-0920) and pending Patent Applications (DP-2024-0909, DP-2024-0908, DP-2022-1658, DP-2022-1478, DP-2022-1365, PATENT-2025-0039190, PATENT-2025-0039191, PATENT-2025-0039192, PATENT-2025-0039193, PATENT-2025-0039194), all unrelated to the present work. B.J. has served as a speaker for Bayer, BMS/Pfizer, Medtronic, and Daiichi-Sankyo, and received research funds from Samjin, Yuhan, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, and Abbott Korea.