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Authors
Howard, Alex
Green, Peter L.
Zhong, Yinzheng
Hughes, David M.
Gerada, Alessandro
Maskell, Simon
Velluva, Anoop
Buchan, Iain E.
Hope, William
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (226691/Z/22/Z)
Wellcome Trust (226691/Z/22/Z)
Wellcome Trust (226691/Z/22/Z)
Wellcome Trust (226691/Z/22/Z)
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Article History
Received: 16 May 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 26 January 2026
Competing interests
: Alex Howard declares personal consulting work for Pfizer outside the submitted work, and a donation from Pfizer to the University of Liverpool for a public and professional engagement project outside the submitted work. Iain Buchan declares consulting fees via University of Liverpool from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. William Hope holds or has recently held research grants with UKRI, EU (FP7, IMI-1, IMI-2), Wellcome, F2G, Spero Therapeutics, Antabio, Pfizer, Allecra, Bugworks, Phico Therapeutics, BioVersys, Global Antimicrobial Research and Development Partnership (GARDP). He is (or has recently been) a consultant for Appili Therapeutics, F2G, Spero Therapeutics, Pfizer, GSK, Phico Therapeutics, Pulmocide, and Mundipharma Research Ltd. He was a member of the Specialist Advisory Committee for GARDP (2020-2023), a member of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) Breakpoint Committee (2020-2023), a member of Health Technology Appraisal (HTA) Prioritization Committee for hospital care and was the Specialty National Co-lead for Infection for the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) (2020-2024). The other authors declare no competing interests.
