Tian, Yunfei
Li, Shuo
Zhu, Yanmin
Elgendi, Mohamed
Lam, Edmund Y.
Article History
Received: 3 May 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests. M.E. serves as an Associate Editor for npj Biosensing and had no involvement in the review or editorial handling of this manuscript.