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Authors
Rafati Fard, Amir
Williams, Simon C.
Smith, Kieran J.
Dhaliwal, Jasneet K.
Ferreira, Tomas
Das, Adrito
Starup-Hansen, Joachim
Hanrahan, John G.
Koh, Chan Hee
Khan, Danyal Z.
Stoyanov, Danail
Marcus, Hani J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Amethyst Healthcare Group
NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship
Cleveland Clinic London PhD Fellowship
Department of Science, Innovation and Technology
Royal Academy of Engineering under the Chair in Emerging Technologies programme
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Competing interests
: D.S. is a board member of Panda Surgical, Odin Vision and EnAcuity, and is an employee of Medtronic. D.S. holds shares in Panda Surgical, Odin Vision, and EnAcuity. D.S. declares grants, which are separate to the funding for the present study, from UKRI, RAEng, Innovate UK, and EPSRC. D.S. participates on the IHU Scientific Advisory Board and the AT-NCIGT Advisory Board. H.J.M. is the Chief Medical Officer and a board member of Panda Surgical. H.J.M. holds stocks in Panda Surgical. H.J.M. declares grants, which are separate to the funding for the present study, from NIHR and EPSRC. H.J.M. holds a patent in video editing (International Publication Number WO2023017230A1). H.J.M. declares interests in Access to TouchSurgery Ecosystem, Medtronic. All other authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.
