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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 29 January 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Competing interests

: C.B. reports a clinical training grant from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and a training grant for research in foreign institutions from the Italian Society of Cardiology (SIC). C.L.P. has no conflict of interest to declare. P.G. has no conflicts of interest to declare. E.B. has no conflicts of interest to declare. A.R. has no conflict of interest to declare. A.O. has no conflict of interest to declare. C.L. has no conflict of interest to declare. S.B. has no conflict of interest to declare. P.D. has no conflict of interest to declare. C.H. reports personal lecture fees from Janssen, Johnson & Johnson and has been involved in research advisory boards for AOP Health/OrphaCare and is also a receiver of the grant from Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC. M.B. has no conflict of interest to declare. EG has no conflict of interest to declare. A.C. is supported by the British Heart Foundation (FS/CRTF/21/24175). P.P. has no conflict of interest to declare. A.G. has no conflict of interest to declare. G.S. reports grants from Vifor Pharma, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, AstraZeneca, Pharmacosmos, Merck, Bayer, Cytokinetics, and Servier, consulting fees from TEVA, AstraZeneca, Medical Education Global Solutions, Atheneum, Genesis, CSL Vifor, Servier, and Translational Medicine Academy Foundation (TMA), speaker fees from Novartis, Roche, Cytokinetics, Hikma, Medtronic, Pharmacosmos, AstraZeneca, Menarini, Vifor Pharma, INTAS, and GETZ, support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim and Servier, and fees for participating on data safety monitoring board or advisory board outside the present work from AstraZeneca, Edwards LifeScience, Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), CSL Vifor, Servier, Abbott, Cytokinetics. A.P.M. reports fees for participating in study committees outside the present work from AstraZeneca, Bayern, Novartis and Sanofi. K.K. has no conflict of interest to declare. E.B. has no conflict of interest to declare.