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Authors
Kang, Dong-Ho
Park, Se-Jun
Park, Jin-Sung
Park, Hyeonsu
Lee, Chong-Suh
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 19 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: A patent application entitled “Method and apparatus for calculating spinal alignment parameters” has been filed by Samsung Medical Center (Samsung Life Public Welfare Foundation) (Application No. 10-2025-0164287, Inventors: Dong-Ho Kang, Status: Pending). This patent covers the hierarchical deep learning architecture for spinal parameter measurement described in this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.
