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Authors
Leong, Ariel
Wolf, Risa M.
Channa, Roomasa
Wang, Jiangxia
Lehmann, Harold
Abramoff, Michael D.
Liu, T. Y. Alvin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research to Prevent Blindness Career Development Award
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Competing interests
: M.D.A. declares the following competing interests: patents and patent applications assigned to the University of Iowa and Digital Diagnostics relevant to the subject matter of this manuscript; Digital Diagnostics, Inc, Coralville, Iowa: Investor, Director, Consultant; Executive Secretary, Healthcare AI Coalition, Washington DC; Treasurer, Collaborative Community on Ophthalmic Imaging, Washington DC; member, American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) AI Committee; member, AI Workgroup Digital Medicine Payment Advisory Group (DMPAG) of the American Medical Association. R.M.W. declares the following competing interest: research support from Novo Nordisk, unrelated to this work. The other authors declare no competing interests.
