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Article History

Received: 2 October 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Competing interests

: IV and LM have nothing to declare. MP receives honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, ArgenX, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Hexal, Merck Serono, Neuraxpharm, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda and Teva. His research is funded by ArgenX, Biogen, Demecan, Hexal, Horizon Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Viatris, Taked, TEVA, B. Braun foundation and the Multiple Sclerosis Society North Rhine-Westphalia Regional Association (DMSG).HI received speaker honoraria from Roche and financial support for research activities from Novartis, Teva, Neuraxpharm, Biogen and Alexion.SGM receives honoraria for lecturing, travel expenses and for attending meetings from Academy 2, Argenx, Alexion, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, AstraZeneca, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, BioNtech, BMS, Celgene, Datamed, Demecan, Desitin, Diamed, Diaplan, DIU Dresden, DPmed, Gen Medicine and Healthcare products, Genzyme, Hexal AG, IGES, Impulze GmbH, Janssen Cilag, KW Medipoint, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Medmile, Merck Serono, MICE, Mylan, Neuraxpharm, Neuropoint, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Oxford PharmaGenesis, QuintilesIMS, Roche, Sanofi, Springer Medizin Verlag, STADA, Chugai Pharma, Teva, UCB, Viatris, Wings for Life international and Xcenda. His research is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Research Foundation (DFG), Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA), German Academic Exchange Service, Hertie Foundation, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster, German Foundation Neurology, Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, The Daimler and Benz Foundation, Multiple Sclerosis Society North Rhine-Westphalia Regional Association (dmsg), Peek & Cloppenburg Düsseldorf Foundation, Hempel Foundation for Science, Art and Welfare, German Alzheimer Society e.V. Dementia self-help and Alexion, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Argenx, Bayer Vital GmbH, BGP Products Operations (Viatris Company), Biogen, BMS, Demecan, Diamed, DGM e.v., Fresenius Medical Care, Genzyme, Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf e.V., HERZ Burgdorf, Hexal, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk Pharma, ONO Pharma, Roche and Teva.TZ declares advisory boards fees from Biogen, BMS, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Neuraxpharm, Viatris and Teva; speaker fees from Almirall, Alexion, Biogen, BMS, Hexal, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Sandoz, Teva and Viatris; research support from Biogen, BMS, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi Neuraxpharm and Teva.